grape seed extract

Grape seed research

2010-05-26T00:08:00.001-07:00

Grapes (Vitis vinifera) have been heralded for their medicinal and nutritional value for thousands of years. Egyptians ate grapes at least 6,000 years ago, and several ancient Greek philosophers praised the healing power of grapes -- usually in the form of wine. European folk healers made an ointment from the sap of grapevines to treat skin and eye diseases. Grape leaves were used to stop bleeding, inflammation, and pain, such as the kind brought on by hemorrhoids. Unripe grapes were used to treat sore throats and dried grapes (raisins) were used for constipation and thirst. Round, ripe, sweet grapes were used to treat a range of health problems including cancer, cholera, smallpox, nausea, eye infections, and skin, kidney, and liver diseases.

But grapes -- or the chemicals within them, especially oligomeric proanthocyanidin complexes (OPCs) -- have been touted as powerful antioxidants. Some people believe they could help treat a number of conditions, from heart disease to cancer to aging skin, although scientific evidence is mostly lacking for those conditions. However, there is good evidence that grape seed extract can help treat chronic venous insufficiency and edema.

A study of healthy volunteers found that taking grape seed extract did substantially increase levels of antioxidants in their blood. Antioxidants are substances that destroy free radicals -- harmful compounds in the body that damage DNA (genetic material) and even cause cell death. Free radicals are believed to contribute to aging as well as the development of a number of health problems, including heart disease and cancer.

Plant Description:

Grapes are native to Asia near the Caspian Sea, but they were brought to North America and Europe around the 1600s. This plant's climbing vine has large, jagged leaves, and its stem bark tends to peel. The grapes may be green, red, or purple.

What's It Made Of?:

Vitamin E, flavonoids, linoleic acid, and OPCs are highly concentrated in grape seeds. These compounds can also be found in lower concentrations in the skin of the grape. OPCs are also found in grape juice and wine, but in lower concentrations. Resveratrol is another of grape's compounds which is related to OPCs and found mainly in the skins. Resveratrol has become very popular as an antioxidant and is being studied in connection with a variety of diseases.

Medicinal Uses and Indications:

Today, standardized extracts of grape seed may be used to treat a range of health problems related to free radical damage, including heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Some studies -- mostly in animals -- support these uses.

Flavonoids found in red wine may help to protect the heart by lowering "bad" LDL cholesterol. The so-called "French paradox" is the belief that drinking wine protects people living in France from developing heart disease at the high rates seen in people living in the United States. So far, however, there is no clear evidence that taking grape seed extract helps reduce heart disease. Some researchers speculate that it may the alcohol in the wine, and not the flavonoids, that could be responsible for any healthful effects. Others think it could be the combination of alcohol and flavonoids.

Drinking alcohol to protect against heart disease is not advocated by the American Heart Association and other organizations because of the potential for addiction and other serious problems, such as car accidents and the increased risk of hypertension, liver disease, breast cancer, and weight gain. If you do drink red wine, you should have no more than 2 glasses (20 g ethanol) per day if you are a man, and no more than one if you are a woman.

Chronic venous insufficiency

In chronic venous insufficiency, blood pools in the legs, causing pain, swelling, fatigue, and visible veins. A number of high-quality studies have shown that OPCs from grape seed can reduce symptoms.

Edema

Edema -- swelling caused by surgery or an injury -- seems to go away faster when people take grape seed extract. Edema is common after breast cancer surgery, and one double-blind, placebo-controlled study found that breast cancer patients who took 600 mg of grape seed extract daily after surgery for six months had less edema and pain than those who took placebo. Another study found that people who took grape seed extract after experiencing a sports injury had less swelling than those who took placebo.

High cholesterol

There isn't enough evidence to say whether taking grape seed extract can lower cholesterol, although two preliminary studies showed promising results. A study of 40 people with high cholesterol looked at whether taking grape seed extract, chromium, a combination of both, or placebo for 2 months would lower cholesterol. The combination of grape seed extract and chromium was more effective than either grape seed alone or placebo in lowering total and LDL ("bad") cholesterol.

Another study looked at the effects of a proprietary grape seed extract on lipid peroxidation (the breakdown of fats in the blood) in a group of heavy smokers. Twenty-four healthy male smokers, (aged 50 years or greater) took either placebo or 2 capsules (75 mg of a grape procyanidin extracts and soy-phosphatidalcholine), twice daily for 4 weeks. "Bad" LDL cholesterol levels were lower in those taking the grape seed supplement than those taking placebo.

High blood pressure

Theoretically, grape seed extract might help treat hypertension or high blood pressure. Antioxidants, like the ones found in grape seed, help protect blood vessels from damage. Damaged blood vessels can lead to higher blood pressure. In several animal studies, a grape seed extract substantially reduced blood pressure. But human studies are needed to see whether grape seed extract helps people with high blood pressure.

Cancer

Studies have found that grape seed extracts may prevent the growth of breast, stomach, colon, prostate, and lung cancer cells in test tubes. However, there is no clear evidence yet whether it works in humans. Antioxidants, such as those found in grape seed extract, are thought to reduce the risk of developing cancer. Grape seed extract may also help prevent damage to human liver cells caused by chemotherapy medications. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist before combining antioxidants with any chemotherapy drugs to make sure they interact safely together.

Other conditions

Grape seed extract is sometimes suggested for the following, although evidence is slight:

•Diabetes (improving blood sugar control)

•Improving night vision

•Protecting collagen and elastin in skin (anti-aging)

•Treating hemorrhoids

Available Forms:

Grape seed is available as a dietary supplement in capsules, tablets, and liquid extracts. Look for products that are standardized to 40 - 80% proanthocyanidins or an OPC content of not less than 95%.

How to Take It:

Pediatric

Grape seed extracts are not recommended for children. Whole grapes, however, make a healthy and safe snack for children.

Adult

•To protect against free radical damage (oxidation), take 25 - 150 mg of a standardized extract (40 - 80% proanthocyanidins or 95% OPC value), 1 - 3 times daily.

•Chronic venous insufficiency: 150 - 300 mg daily

•Edema: 200 - 400 mg daily for 10 - 30 days

Precautions:

The use of herbs is a time-honored approach to strengthening the body and treating disease. Herbs, however, contain components that can trigger side effects and interact with other herbs, supplements, or medications. For these reasons, herbs should be taken with care, under the supervision of a health care provider qualified in the field of botanical medicine.

At the recommended dosage, grape seed is considered safe for up to 12 weeks. However, pregnant or breastfeeding women should not take grape seed supplements.

Possible Interactions:

There are no known scientific reports of interactions between grape seed and conventional medications. However, the OPCs in grape seed extract may interact with the following:

Anticoagulants (blood thinners) -- Grape seed extract may act as a blood-thinner, and could increase the risk of bleeding if taken with other blood-thinners such as warfarin (Coumadin). If you are taking blood thinning medications or have bleeding disorders, ask your doctor before taking grape seed extract.

Alternative Names:

Vitis vinifera

•Reviewed last on: 3/22/2009

•Steven D. Ehrlich, NMD, private practice specializing in complementary and alternative medicine, Phoenix, AZ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

Supporting Research

Bagchi D, Sen CK, Ray SD, et al. Molecular mechanisms of cardioprotection by a novel grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. Mutat Res. 2003;523-524:87-97.

Banerjee B, Bagchi D. Beneficial effects of a novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis. Digestion. 2001;63(3):203-206.

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Bernstein BJ, Grasso T. Prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine use in cancer patients. Oncology. 2001;15(10):1267-1272; discussion 1272-1278, 1283.

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Brooker S, Martin S, Pearson A, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised phase II trial of IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) in patients with radiation-induced breast induration. Radiother Oncol. 2006;79(1):45-51.

Busserolles J, Gueux E, Balasinska B, et al. In vivo antioxidant activity of procyanidin-rich extracts from grape seed and pine (Pinus maritima) bark in rats. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2006;76(1):22-7.

Carlson S, Peng N, Prasain JK, Wyss JM. Effects of botanical dietary supplements on cardiovascular, cognitive, and metabolic function in males and females. Gend Med. 2008;5 Suppl A:S76-90. Review.

Chan MM, Mattiacci JA, Hwang HS, et al. Synergy between ethanol and grape polyphenols, quercetin, and resveratrol, in the inhibition of the inducible nitric oxide synthase pathway. Biochem Pharmacol. 2000;60(10):1539-1548.

Chou EJ, Keevil JG, Aeschlimann S, et al. Effect of ingestion of purple grape juice on endothelial function in patients with coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88(5):553-555.

Décordé K, Teissèdre PL, Sutra T, Ventura E, Cristol JP, Rouanet JM. Chardonnay grape seed procyanidin extract supplementation prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity in hamsters by improving adipokine imbalance and oxidative stress markers. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008 Nov 26. [Epub ahead of print]

Faria A, Calhau C, de Freitas V, et al. Procyanidins as antioxidants and tumor cell growth modulators. J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54(6):2392-7.

Fitzpatrick DF, Bing B, Maggi DA, et al. Vasodilating procyanidins derived from grape seeds. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;957:78-89.

Freedman JE, Parker C 3rd, Li L, et al. Select flavonoids and whole juice from purple grapes inhibit platelet function and enhance nitric oxide release. Circulation. 2001;103(23):2792-2798.

Gruenwalkd J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C. PDR for Herbal Medicines, 4th ed. Montvale, NJ: Thomson Healthcare; 2007:405-410.

Hung LM, Chen JK, Huang SS, et al. Cardioprotective effect of resveratrol, a natural antioxidant derived from grapes. Cardiovasc Res. 2000;47(3):549-555.

Hu H, Qin YM. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract induced mitochondria-associated apoptosis in human acute myeloid leukemia 14.3D10 cells. Chin Med J (Engl). 2006;119(5):417-21.

Joshi SS, Kuszynski CA, Bagchi D. The cellular and molecular basis of health benefits of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2001;2(2):187-200.

Kalin R, Righi A, Del Rosso A, et al., Activin, a grape seed-derived proanthocyanidin extract, reduces plasma levels of oxidative stress and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin) in systemic sclerosis. Free Radic Res. 2002;36(8):819-25.

Kaur M, Agarwal R, Agarwal C. Grape seed extract induces anoikis and caspase-mediated apoptosis in human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells: possible role of ataxia telangiectasia mutated-p53 activation. Mol Cancer Ther. 2006;5(5):1265-74.

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Natella F, Belelli F, Gentili V, et al. Grape seed proanthocyanidins prevent plasma postprandial oxidative stress in humans. J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50(26):7720-5.

Preuss HG, Wallerstedt D, Talpur N, et al. Effects of niacin-bound chromium and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on the lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic subjects: a pilot study. J Med. 2000;31(5-6):227-246.

Preuss HG, Bagchi D, Bagchi M. Protective effects of a novel niacin-bound chromium complex and a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on advancing age and various aspects of syndrome X. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;957:250-9.

Ramchandani AG, Karibasappa GS, Pakhale SS. Antitumor-promoting effects of polyphenolic extracts from seedless and seeded Indian grapes. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2008;27(4):321-31.

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Vitseva O, Varghese S, Chakrabarti S, et al. Grape seed and skin extracts inhibit platelet function and release of reactive oxygen intermediates. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2005;46(4):445-51.

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Grape Seed Extract: Benefits to the Human Body

2009-11-01T17:57:00.000-08:00

The food supplement known as grape seed extract is taken from the seeds and skins of red grapes. For those of you who are unsure of the various types of grapes that are on the market, this is the type that’s generally used in the production of wine.

This is a very popular food supplement in Europe and is considered by some to be more effective than Vitamin C and Vitamin E in its response to the body’s needs, since its rich in flavonoids – which contain powerful antioxidant properties. Among the most effective of these flavonoids are PCOs (procyanidolic oligomers). These PCOs, which are present in the grape seed extract food supplement, also help to improve blood circulation and provide strengthening of the vessels.

Health Benefits
Prescribed by doctors in Europe for a variety of vascular disorders, grape seed extract is of some benefit to heart and cancer patients, when the food supplement is administered regularly. Grape seed extract also helps to reduce or eliminate the symptoms of leg cramps, varicose veins, diabetes, numbness in the extremities – an even the effects of impotence, since this food supplement is designed to improve the body’s blood flow.It works similar to Yohimbe Supplements for low Libido.

Other benefits of grape seed extract are in the areas of endometriosis, since the effects of this can be inhibited by the food supplement’s ability to provide antioxidants that can also invade the membranes of the body. Brain cells may also be protected from certain forms of damage (known as free radical damage) when grape seed extract is administered.

For those who are interested in retaining a youthful appearance, the benefits of grape seed extract come into play, as well. This versatile food supplement helps to maintain the elasticity of the skin, and is a popular ingredient of many facial and skin creams.

In countries such as America, where heart disease is prevalent, there’s a great deal of need for products that prevent such illnesses. Grape seed extract is outstanding in its ability to maintain healthy heart performance, due to its ability to prevent the development of plaque, which is known to clog the arteries and endanger those who suffer from this condition. Stroke can also be avoided through the ongoing use of this particular food supplement, for the same reasons.

High cholesterol is another major health concern in some parts of the world today – including America – and the call for agents that can reduce cholesterol is ongoing. Grape seed extract can be used to replace regular cooking oils, and has been known to reduce cholesterol levels by up to 14% in the span of one month.

Other health benefits that are derived from this food supplement include the minimization of fibromyalgia, occurrences of cancer, and the skins ailments known as eczema and psoriasis. Additional health areas that are improved through the use of grape seed extract are eyesight – the effects of macular degeneration and cataracts are diminished; allergic reactions – this food supplement provides a natural antihistamine and anti-inflammatory; and many other illnesses.

A food supplementf in the form of grape seed extract is known to be quite safe and is effective in the treatment of a wide number of illnesses. Currently, grape seed extract can be purchased in the form of liquid, tablet or capsule.

Health benefits of bioflavonoids for your body, eyes and skin.

2009-11-01T16:45:00.000-08:00

Bioflavonoids

Flavonoid (also known as bioflavonoids) are a type of plant pigment, which produces yellow, red or blue pigmentation in flowers and protects them from attack by bugs and other predators.
Flavonoids are found in high quantities in certain fruits, herbs and vegetables, such as green tea (Camellia sinensis), citrus fruits (lemons, oranges and grapefruits, for example), in parsley, grape seeds and (fortunately!) in wine and dark chocolate.
In fact, most of the beneficial effects of all these foods have been attributed to their flavonoid compounds rather than their other nutrients.

What exactly do flavonoids do?
For humans, consuming flavonoids provides a whole host of benefits for the body, and the truth is that we really can’t live happily without them.
What these chemicals do above all is to provide a huge dose of antioxidant help to our internal systems. Flavonoids also have a low toxicity compared to other active plant compounds and they’ve been called “nature’s biological response modifiers” because they can help us react appropriately to viruses, carcinogens and allergens, by giving a powerful boost to the immune system.
That means that flavonoids exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-cancer properties, because they protect against oxidative and free radical damage caused by pollution and the body’s normal metabolic processes. Free radicals are responsible for a lot of the damage done to the body by poisons such as cigarette smoke or drugs; and they’re one of the major factors that contribute to ageing. It’s true what they say: eating your fruit and vegetables every day, really does keep the wrinkles at bay!

More than just a pretty face
But flavonoids will help more than your looks. They’re just about indispensable for your insides, too.
Scientists are particularly excited about flavonoids because of their potential uses in the medical industry, in biomedical drugs.
Consumers are also starting to take a lot of notice of these natural wonder compounds, mainly because they look set to play an important role in the prevention and treatment of such common and devastating diseases asheart disease and cancer. In fact, flavonoids might be able to help treat a surprisingly wide-ranging variety of less deadly conditions, from water retention, bruising and cold sores, to weak blood vessels and cataracts.
Research is also taking a look into the possibility that they might be able to improve kidney function, particularly for diabetic people.

How do they work?

Over 5000 naturally occurring flavonoids have been characterized from various plants. You’ll often see them divided into categories that include anthocyanidins, isoflavones, flavonols, flavans, flavanones and flavones.
Some of the most well known flavonoids, for example, include hesperidin, rutin, citrus flavonoids, genistein (in soy) and quercetin (in onions).
Anthocyanidins are the kind found in biberry (vaccinium myrtillus) and flavans are the sort of flavonoid that appears in tea and apples. As flavonoids are synthesized, they can also produce proanthocyanidins (tannins) and a bumper crop of other health-giving polyphenolics.

Let’s take a look at what some of them actually do in the body:
Quercetin:

This is a flavonol flavonoid that contains the sugar called rutin. It’s the most active of all the flavonoids and provides an ‘emergency quick response unit’ for any problems the body has with inflammation or allergic reaction.
It also helps out with the antioxident activity in the body and allows vitamin c to work more effectively. It can inhibit reverse transcriptase, which is part of the way retroviruses (such as HIV) spread around the body, and it can be used in the treatment of piles, varicose veins and bruises.
Polyphenols

These are certainly alpha one antioxidants; the kind that offer us greater antioxidant protection than even vitamins C and E.
They’re found in vast quantities in green tea, and may inhibit cancer by blocking the formation of cancer-causing compounds. The major polyphenols in green tea, for example, are epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), catechin, proanthocyanidins and epicatechin (see below).

Epicatechin

This one is the super-hero of the circulatory system and because it looks after the blood vessels, it’s particularly good for the health of the heart. It’s found in big doses in cocoa, which gives us all a superb excuse to eat lots of dark chocolate!

Oligomeric proanthocyanidins

Proanthocyanidins have a great many talents. Among their main skills is the ability to strengthen the blood vessels, seek out free radicals, and slow down the destruction of collagen (a vital protein found in skin, hair, teeth, bones, tissues and veins). Be sure to keep your fruit and vegetable intake at a high level, to make the most of the gifts to your health that flavonoids give.
Health practitioners recommend getting at least five good sized portions of different fruit and vegetables every day. To be on the safe side, make sure you’re consuming enough flavonoids by taking a good quality supplement. It’s great to eat chocolate and drink wine, but the supplements will give you a super-dose of flavonoids, without adding inches to your waistline (or giving you a headache)!

Grape seed extract and the prevention of chronic degenerative disease.

2009-11-01T16:29:00.000-08:00

Suprising but grape seed extract may be better for you than the grapes from which it comes.
For countless centuries, people from many different cultures have enjoyed a fine glass of wine, but only recently have scientists discovered that it might be good for us, too.
Yes, moderate wine drinking actually has a number of excellent potential health benefits, although of course the alcohol is not the part that does all the good!
In fact, one of the surprising advantages of millions of consumers enjoying the fruits of the wine industry is that its by-products can be made into some really useful health supplements.
Take grape seeds, for example. Grape seed extract is known as waste product of the winery and grape juice industry, because they don’t go into the finished drinks.
What is in grape seed extract?
What you may not know is that grape seed extract contains a vast array of health-giving ingredients, such as protein, lipids, carbohydrates and polyphenols (which come mainly in the form of flavonoids, also known asbioflavonoids).
The term flavonoid is used for a class of plant chemicals known for their activity as highly potent antioxidants, and therefore for their capability in protecting the body against oxidative and free radical damage. It’s not really surprising when you consider the scientific studies: they show that the antioxidant power of polyphenols is 20 times more powerful thanvitamin E, and 50 times greater than vitamin C.

Because of its polyphenol content, purple grape juice provides a far greater antioxidant effect than orange juice.
What else can grape seed extract do?

Some people call these polyphenols “nature’s biological response modifiers” because of their ability to help the body fight viruses, allergens, and carcinogens.
That means that among their many talents, they exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-cancerous and anti-microbial activity.
Not bad for a “waste product”!
Procyanadin: The secret anti aging vitamin?
One particular type of phenol found in grape seed is called procyanidin. It was initially discovered in 1936 by Professor Jacques Masquelier, who called it Vitamin P, (although the name didn’t really catch on, and has since fallen out of usage).
As well as the disease prevention mentioned above, procyanidins are thought to protect the body from premature ageing.
Scientists think they do this by increasing vitamin C levels in the cells and scavenging for toxins so the organs can get rid of them.
A good "side effect": Younger looking skin
Procyanidins also bond with collagen, the most abundant protein in the body and a key component of skin, gums, bones, teeth, hair and body tissues.
The bonding promotes cell health and skin elasticity, making it seem more youthful, in a process that works almost like a natural face-lift. Procyanidins additionally help protect the body from sun damage, which can also cause premature ageing of the skin.
More importantly it helps inside the body
Vanity is one thing, but underlying health is quite another.
Far more important to your body than looking good, is the fact that procyanidins can improve your vision, the flexibility of your joints, the health of your arteries and body tissues (such as the heart) and also strengthen capilliaries and veins to improve your circulatory system.
This is important because the health of your circulatory system affects the health of your heart.
It seems that grape seed extract delays the oxidation of low density lipoproteins, the fats that are responsible for “bad cholesterol”.
The longer it takes for LDL to oxidize, the less likely it is to start clogging up your veins and arteries. People who drink purple grape juice can show an increase in oxidation lag time of 27%.
So, procyanidins present in grape seeds are known to exert anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and anti-allergic activities, to prevent skin aging, to scavenge oxygen free radicals and to inhibit the damaging effects of UV radiation from sunlight.
Since most of these processes are linked to cancer, it follows that grape seeds are probably strong anti-carcinogenic and/or anti-tumor-promoting agents.
Studies show they may have particular use against colorectal cancer, and scientists are devoting a fair amount of new research to grape seed because they’re pretty confident about its abilities.
The other "secret ingredient" of grape seed extract.
One other of the grape’s hidden health weapons is also worth a mention: it’s called resveratrol. This chemical is found primarily in the skin and seeds, particularly in muscadine grapes, and it confers a number of beneficial effects to the body.
They include all those mentioned above, but also an ability to help the brain and its processes work efficiently i.e. they have neuroprotective capabilities. In rats, this has life-prolonging effects, so it’s reasonable to assume it may do the same for other animals, humans included.
Whats the best way to get grape seed extract into your body?
Luckily, you don’t have to drink litres of wine or grape juice, or eat sacks of grape seeds to get these helpful chemicals into your body.
Thanks to modern technology, we now have high-quality grape seed extract in the form of supplements.
That means you can enjoy all the health-giving properties of grape seed simply by taking a pill.
Meanwhile, it’s a bonus to know that all these amazing added benefits are coming from the “waste products” of wine, so that an enjoyable pastime for some folks results in a health boost for millions of others.
Next time you toast your good health, you might like to spare a thought for the humble grape seed and all the wonders it can offer your body. Cheers!

imej grape

2009-10-26T23:46:00.001-07:00